I've also encountered Sensei as an honorific, but many times they also say the word independent of any names. How come? Is that considered impolite?
Nah, it's not impolite. Just like in English you can use "the general" to refer to a person who's a general and everyone knows who you're talking about, you can use "sensei" to refer to a person whose profession or position compared to you warrants the respectful title, and whom everyone knows you're talking about. The Japanese language leaves a lot to the context, they don't for example differentiate between singular and plural in their substantives.
To continue from yesterday...
Okaeri is a shortened form, Okaerinasai is the complete, and somewhat less intimate word.
It
tekimasu, it
teras
shai
Concerning the difference between konnichiwa and konbanwa, as a basic principle the latter is said after the sun goes down, rather than being tied to the clock.
Oyasumi is an intimate form of Oyasuminasai.
Kudasai - yes, translates roughly to "please". "Koohii to appurupai o kudasai" = "Coffee and (a slice of) apple pie, please"
Negai - wish, not so much a desire, as in a strong, selfish desire. "Motome" would be the word for "desire" (something I learned from Eien no Aselia
)
Yasashi
i - means "kind", yes, but also "easy"
Ureshi
iOishi
iKaeru, kaerimasu - to return, not just to home, but for example to your home country. The "masu" form is a more respectful form, used in normal conversation between people who're not very close. Safer to learn that instead of the basic form.
Hanase - no idea about this, really. If it's a verb, it's not in its basic form. I've heard it many times, I understand where your conception of its meaning comes from, but... Hanasu/hanashimasu means "to talk"... O.o
Butei - no idea about this either, where did you get this?
Akari - thins might be correct, but the most common word for light is "hikari"
Denpa - electromagnetic waves
Jo-ou - queen
Ouji - prince
Ojou - young lady/miss
Remember, in the three above, it's a norm to add the -sama, although in Ojou's case less respectful honourifics are used in some cases.
Goshujin - "go-" prefix, as well as the more common "o-" prefix basically means "honourable". Shujin means husband, but also lord. That's where "goshujin-sama" comes from. Goes to show how male-dominant the japanese culture was, and still is, even their language elevates the husband into the position of the lord and master.
-chou - there are several possible prefixes to this, with minor tone differences. Basically they all mean "captain" or another leadership position.
Ningen - human as in a member of the human race in fantasy settings. Other words for man/person etc. are hito, jin, nin and some less common words...
Ky
uuketsuki
Shitsuji - yes, butler... don't confuse this with "hitsuji", "sheep".
Yo
ukai - technically, writing "yokai" isn't wrong, but it's a long vowel.
Ayakashi - quite synonymous to youkai, but in my understanding ayakashi is usually used on a spirit-like monster that normal humans can't see.
Akuma - "devil" is a translation I see more often than "demon", though of course it doesn't refer to
the Devil. I connect "demon" with "youkai" or "oni" usually. "Oni" is also often translated "ogre"...
Tanoshi
iO
oki
iKire
iHajime - this is often part of words and extressions that translate to "first" something, for example "hajimete", "first time", but I think the actual translation for this word alone is "beginning" or something...
Mata - I think it means "again" or something...
Miru/mimasu - to look
Matsu/machimasu - to wait (matte is another form of this word, the -te form, used when asking or commanding)
Question words:
Nani/nan - what
Dare - who
Doko - where
Itsu - when
A question sentence always ends with a "ka"... and there's no question mark. Sometimes question marks are used in titles and such for enhanced effect, but technically they're unnecessary.
Watashi - I (gender neutral, safe in all situations)
Boku - I (male, but soft, sometimes used by females)
Ore - I (male, strong, masculine, rough, assertive)
Atashi - I (female, very "cute" and soft)
Atai - I (the female version of "ore", very rough)
Anata - you (but they try to avoid using it, as it's considered somewhat rude - they prefer to call a person with their name instead, or leave it to the context), also a word with which a wife sometimes calls her husband, usually translated to "honey" or "dear".
Kimi - you (but like "anata", rarely used)
Kare/kanojo - he/she, also often used in situations where they're best translated to man/woman/girl
Watashi-tachi - us (yes, -tachi is a suffix often used to denote a group)
Anata-gata - you (plural)
Karera/kanojora - they (male/female - but it's "karera" if there's even one male in the group you're referring to)
Minna - everyone, everybody (often used with "-san", for example when speaking to a group of not very familiar people)
That's enough for now, more later...
