Aho - pretty much synonymous to "baka".
Wakaranai being shortened to Wakaran - it seems some others that also end with -nai can be shortened to end with just -n. Is this applicable to all that end with -nai (Not)?
I'm afraid I don't know the answer to this.
I'm not very knowledgeable about the spoken language.
Nai = seems to also mean "Not Here". Encountered when someone stole Edward Elric's Alchemist Badge/Watch, he just said "Nai"
As far as I know, "nai" is simply a word indicating negative, so if you're looking for something and see that it's not where it should be, it's a simple way of stating that it's not there.
Water - mizu, sui
Wind - kaze, fuu
Fire - ka, hi, ho
Earth - do, tsuchi
Ice - koori, hyou, hi
Wood - moku, ki
Metal - kin
An interesting thing relating to the elements is that five of the seven days of the week are named after them.
Getsuyoubi - Monday, "Moon day"
Kayoubi - Tuesday, "Fire day"
Suiyoubi - Wednesday, "Water day"
Mokuyoubi - Thursday, "Wood day"
Kinyoubi - Friday, "Metal day"
Doyoubi - Saturday, "Earth day"
Nichiyoubi - Sunday, "Sun day"
BTW, "kin" also means "gold". "Gin" means "silver".
Tsubasa - wings
Chiisai - small
Osoi - slow, late
Hayai - fast, early
You got these right.
Kuru/kimasu - to come
iku/ikimasu - to go
Note that in Japanese, these verbs are sometimes used differently from how they're used in English (or Finnish, my mothertongue). What is important is the speaker's point of view. You can only speak of "coming" into a place where you are already, anywhere else you speak of "going". When you are in a party and call someone to ask if they're coming to the party, you can use "kimasu", but the other person would have to use "ikimasu", because they speak from their own point of view about
going to a place where they aren't yet. However, when you're going home or to your home country, you can only "return" (kaerimasu).
Korosu - to kill
Err... I kinda have an idea but I can't explain it in words: What's the difference between Itsumo, Zutto and Zettai?
"Itsumo" means "always". "Zutto", I'm not entirely sure, but it seems to mean something pretty close to that, too. Zettai means "absolute".
As for the particles, I guess "Wa" is a rough equivalent to am/is/are, while "No" as far as my encounters go, is almost an exact equivalent for -'s- (aphostrophe and S) -- this way we don't need to transpose nouns (Chado no Tsubasa = Chad's Wings). Of course sometimes particle "Of" is necessary, so that's where it sometimes becomes confusing for me during the transposition of nouns, especially when the nouns are stuck with adjectives. Argh, those are cause for my brain chaos. Also, is "To" always used as "And"?
"Wa", as I said, marks the "theme", usually the subject, of the sentence. "Watashi wa --" would translate directly into something like "concerning me" or "speaking of me". In practise, the wa-desu copula often translates into "to be", as I said earlier. "No" is usually the possessive case, either "'s" or "of", but its got a few other uses as well, I may write more about those later. "To" is something that often gets translated "and", but it can also mean "with". "Haha to issho ni" = "Together with (my) mother" ("issho ni" = "together").
"Yo" is a rough equivalent of an exclamation mark, used in spoken language. It's not particularly rude or anything, it's just something you can add to the end of the sentence when you raise your voice to, for example, catch someone's attention from a distance.
"Darou" and "deshou", in my experience, hold a meaning similar to "right?" or "don't you agree?"
Argh. Another one is when a statement ends with "Janai No" frequently used by Kyouraku of Bleach. I guess it is roughly the equivalent of "Isn't It?" used in the end of English sentences. Confirmed?
Another one I can't answer with my limited knowledge.
Naze - why
Mo - a particle with the meaning of "too/also/as well"
